The initial conquest of the Holy Land by Islam in the 7th century did not immediately engender anti-Islamism because Christian pilgrimages were allowed to continue to holy sites. Byzantine ecclesiastical authorities initially classified Islam as yet another of the many Christian heresies of that age. However, the unstable geopolitical situation of the late 11th century, with the intolerant caliph Al-Hakim and the Great Schism in 1054 and loss of Asia Minor due to the defeat of the Byzantine army by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, led to the commencement of the Crusades in 1095 to reconquer Muslim held lands.
Aside from the conquest of Spain, the Crusades brought many Europeans from all over Europe into contact with Islam for the first time. The context of a holy war gave rise to the perception that Islam is a religion of the sword and led Europeans to assume that it is an inherently violent religion.
The Turkish leader Kemal Atatürk separated raligion from state in Turkey, introducing a Civil Code based on European models insted of Islamic tradition.
In India, Hindu nationalism has collided violently with Muslims as in the affair of the Babri mosque of Ayodhya.
Contemporary events relating to the Middle East conflict have fostered this negative image of Islam.
Many groups have issued statements rejecting Anti-Arab and Anti-Muslim prejudice in America, including the Central Conference of American Rabbis (Reform Judaism) and the Anti-Defamation League.
See also: Islam, Anti-Semitism in Islam, Arab Anti-Semitism, Persecution of Christians, Anti-Arab, Religious intoleranceExternal links
