Disease resistance in fruit and vegetables; There are a number of lines of defence against pestss (that is, those animals that cause damage to the plants we grow) and diseases in the organic garden, principle among these being the practice of good husbandry, creating healthy soil and ensuring high standards of garden hygiene. But no matter how diverse and healthy the garden eco-system may be, there will always be a degree of disease and pest presence. In many ways, some level of pathogen population in the garden can be not only acceptable but desirable as they are indicative of a generally healthful and diverse environment, and add to the overall robustness of the system as an immunity to such detrimental influences will build up, particularly in a balanced polycultural regime. Indeed, most of the plants we grow will tend to be selected because they are trouble free, and those that are more susceptible to attack will have fallen by the wayside over time. However, most farmers find it unacceptable that the food crops they grow are damaged by pests.
For these crops there has been considerable research and selective breeding carried out in order to find cultivars that are resistant or immune to pest and disease damage. Generally this has involved finding suitable genetic material amongst existing stocks or in the wild, which is then incorporated into commercial varieties.
Example : the apple
In the case of apples, in which research is being carried out in order to develop resistance to diseases such as black spot (Venturia inaequalis), powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha), orchard fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) and collar rot (Phytophthora cactorum), the main sources of resistant material used in breeding programmes such as those being run by East Malling in England or Hortresearch in New Zealand are major gene resistance’s derived from crab-apples. The Vf gene for black spot resistance is derived from the ornamental crab-apple species Malus floribunda. Most black spot resistant cultivars developed around the world carry this gene, but there are some selections that carry the Vr (from M. pumila) or Vm (from M. micromalus) gene. Major gene resistance’s to powdery mildew are derived from M. robusta (Pl1) and M. zumi (Pl2), and the apple cultivar Northern Spy has a long-standing reputation for its major gene resistance to woolly apple aphid. Since early this century this resistance has been used to develop woolly aphid resistant rootstocks such as MM.106 and M.793. Much later it was shown that the cultivar was also very resistant to collar rot and a useful breeding parent for this resistance.
Resistance and immunity
Some plants can tolerate the presence of large numbers of insects without being severely affected. This is not very satisfactory however as insects will still cause damage, and in fact further breeding and population expansion of the pest species is supported. Other varieties are less attractive to pests, but this can be difficult to sustain or demonstrate.
The most valuable form of resistance is where the pest cannot survive as well on one variety as on another. In some cases this can actually make the plants immune to attack, as is the case with the lettuces Avoncrisp and Avondefiance which were bred at the Institute of Horticultural Research, Wellsbourne during the 1960s, which are fully resistant to lettuce root aphid (Pemphigus bursarius).
Trade-off of breeding for resistance
Sometimes however there can be a trade-off, for those varieties which have increased immunity or resistance may be lacking in other qualities such as flavour, yield or quality. Celery resistant to the Fusarium fungus (Fusarium oxysporum spp.) may not succumb to this disease, but may also be unacceptably short, ribby and low yielding.
Further, a cultivar that is resistant to one disease may be more susceptible to another that is equally important. A lettuce cultivar that is resistant to mosaic virus may be sensitive to corky root disease (caused by Rhizobius suberfaciens), whilst another that resists corky root may be vulnerable to downy mildew (Brim lactic).
Another drawback to resistance is that depending on the host pathogen system, resistance is sometimes not long lasting as new pathogen strains quickly develop, and further research and breeding is constantly needed.
Availability of resistant varieties
Resistant varieties are not available for all crops. For several of the most damaging plant diseases, such as tomato blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white rot (Sclerotic cepivorum) of the Allium family, no acceptable resistant cultivars are yet available. In addition, commercial seed companies and plant breeders rarely invest resources into developing resistant cultivars for more minor or speciality crops, which often tend to be those of greater interest to the organic grower.
In general it is probably fair to say that resistance will not fully guarantee total crop protection, but choosing resistant varieties should rather be considered as a part of an overall integrated control strategy, especially against virus diseases. In particular they can be especially useful where the threat from specific pests and diseases is high.
The table below illustrates a number of pest and disease resistant vegetable crop varieties, although should not be considered comprehensive.
Crop Variety Comments French Bean Aigullion Resistant to bean mosaic virus and anthracnose Hildora Tolerant of bean mosaic virus Maxi Tolerant of bean mosaic virus Nektar Queen Resistant to bean mosaic virus Farba Resistant to bean mosaic virus Hilda Resistant to bean mosaic virus Broad Bean Futura Tolerant of chocolate spot Brussels sprouts Cavalier Resistant to light leaf spot Braveheart F1 Resistant to powdery mildew and light leaf spot Cabbage Stonehead F1 Resistant to mildew Calabrese Emperor F1 Highly tolerant of black rot and downy mildew Sampson F1 Highly resistant to black rot and downy mildew Carrot Fly Away F1 Bred for resistance to carrot fly Newmarket Good resistance to splitting Cucumber Bush Champion F1 Resistant to cucumber mosaic virus Marketmore Resistant to cucumber mosaic virus Burpless Tasty Green F1 Resistant to mildew and tolerant of heat Slice King F1 Resistant to downy and powdery mildew, gummosis and angular leaf spot Cumlaude F1 Tolerant of powdery mildew Media F1 Tolerant of powdery mildew Leek Swiss Giant, Zermatt Moderate rust resistance Alvitta Rust tolerant Conora Good resistance to rust Lettuce Alexandria Highly resistant to downy mildew and bolting Lisbusa Resistant to downy mildew, tolerant of mosaic virus, root aphid and tipburn Sylvestra Resistant to downy mildew and aphids Little Gem Resistant to root aphid Barcelona Resistant to aphids and mildew Iglo Resistant to downey mildew Revolution Resistant to mildew and bolting Smile Resistant to aphids, mildew, tipburn and bolting Parsnip Avonresister Very good rsistance to canker Gladiator F1 High resistance to canker Tender and True Good canker resistance Pea Ambassador Resistant to powdery mildew, entation virus and fusarium wilt Cavalier Good resistance to powdery mildew Greenshaft Resistant to downy mildew and fusarium wilt Rondo Resistant to fusarium wilt Potato (first early) Colleen Good resistance to blight and scab Premiere Resistant to blight and spraing Pentland Javelin Good all round disease resistance, including golden eelworm and scab Swift Resistant to golden eelworm and tolerant to blackleg Potato (second early) Cosmos Resistant to blight and common scab Osprey Very resistant to scab and eelworm Potato (maincrop) Harmony Very resistant to scab and partially resistant to white and golden eelworm Milva Blight resistant Remarka Good all round disease resistance Admiral Good resistance to blight and scab Cara Blight resistant Valor Good overall disease resistance combined with high eelworm and blight resistance Pepper Bell Boy F1 Mosaic virus resistant Mandy F1 Highly resistant to mosaic virus Sweetcorm Golden sweet F1 Highly resistant to smut Tomato Alicante Good resistance to greenback and mildew Libra F1 Resistant to fusarium crown and root rot Shirley F1 Resistant to fusarium, cladosporium and TMV
