The first European universities were established in Italy and France in the Middle Ages for the study of law, medicine, and theology. Before that, similar institutions already existed in the Islamic world, notably in Cairo. The most important Asian university was Nalanda, in Bihar, India, where the second century Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna was based.

List of medieval universities, in order of foundation:

Please add other medieval and older universities to this list

See also: List of oldest universities in continuous operation

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