Salamanca is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is bordered by the provinces of Zamora, Valladolid, Ávila, and Cáceres, and by Portugal.

347,120 people (2002) live in the province, of whom 45% live in the capital, Salamanca. There are 362 municipalities in the province, of which more than half are villages with under 300 people. See List of municipalities in Salamanca.