The Vltava (German: Moldau) is the longest river in the Czech Republic, draining north from its source near Cesky Krumlov, through Ceske Budejovice, Zbraslav, Chuchle, and Prague, merging with the Elbe at Melnik.

In August 2002 a 100-year flood of the Vltava killed several people and caused massive damage and disruption along its length.

One of the pieces from the classical Czech composer Bedrich Smetana's set of six symphonic poems, Ma Vlast is called Vltava, and is an evocation of the course the river takes.