This is a List of national leaders, showing heads of state and heads of government where different, mainly in parliamentary systems; it should be noted that often a leader is both in presidential systems or dictatorships. Some states have semi-presidential systems where the head of government role is fulfilled by both the listed head of government and the head of state.

CountryHead of stateHead of government
AfghanistanHamid Karzai
AlbaniaAlfred MoisiuFatos Nano
AlgeriaAbdelaziz BouteflikaAhmed Ouyahia
AndorraJoan Enric Vives Sicília (represented by Nemesi Marqués Oste)
and Jacques Chirac (represented by Frédéric de Saint-Sernin)
Marc Forné Molné
AngolaJosé Eduardo dos SantosFernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos
Antigua and BarbudaElizabeth II, represented by Sir James CarlisleLester Bird
ArgentinaNéstor Kirchner
ArmeniaRobert KocharyanAndranik Markaryan
AustraliaElizabeth II, represented by Michael JefferyJohn Howard
AustriaThomas KlestilWolfgang Schüssel
AzerbaijanIlham AliyevArtur Rasizade
BahamasElizabeth II, represented by Dame Ivy DumontPerry Christie
BahrainHamad ibn Isa Al KhalifahKhalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah
BangladeshIajuddin AhmedKhaleda Zia
BarbadosElizabeth II, represented by Sir Clifford HusbandsOwen Arthur
BelarusAlexander LukashenkoSergey Sidorsky
BelgiumAlbert IIGuy Verhofstadt
BelizeElizabeth II, represented by Sir Colville YoungSaid Musa
BeninMathieu Kérékou
BhutanJigme Singye WangchuckLyonpo Jigme Thinley
BoliviaCarlos Mesa
Bosnia and HerzegovinaDragan CovicAdnan Terzic
BotswanaFestus Mogae
BrazilLuís Inácio Lula da Silva
BruneiHassanal Bolkiah
BulgariaGeorgi PurvanovSimeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Burkina FasoBlaise CompaoréErnest Paramanga Yonli
BurundiDomitien Ndayizeye
CambodiaNorodom SihanoukHun Sen
CameroonPaul BiyaPeter Mafany Musonge
CanadaElizabeth II, represented by Adrienne ClarksonPaul Martin
Cape VerdePedro PiresJosé Maria Neves
Central African RepublicFrançois BozizéCélestin Gaombalet
ChadIdriss DébyMoussa Faki
ChileRicardo Lagos
China (PRC)Hu JintaoWen Jiabao
ColombiaÁlvaro Uribe
ComorosAzali Assoumani
Congo (Brazzaville)Denis Sassou-Nguesso
Congo (Kinshasa)Joseph Kabila
Costa RicaAbel Pacheco
Côte d'IvoireLaurent GbagboSeydou Diarra
CroatiaStjepan MesicIvo Sanader
CubaFidel Castro
CyprusTassos Papadopoulos
Czech RepublicVáclav KlausVladimír Špidla
DenmarkMargrethe IIAnders Fogh Rasmussen
DjiboutiIsmael Omar GuellehDileita Mohamed Dileita
DominicaNicholas LiverpoolRoosevelt Skerrit
Dominican RepublicHipólito Mejía
East TimorXanana GusmãoMari Alkatiri
EcuadorLucio Gutiérrez
EgyptHosni MubarakAtef Ebeid
El SalvadorFrancisco Flores
Equatorial GuineaTeodoro Obiang Nguema MbasogoCándido Muatetema Rivas
EritreaIsaias Afewerki
EstoniaArnold RüütelJuhan Parts
EthiopiaGirma Wolde-GiorgisMeles Zenawi
FijiJosefa IloiloLaisenia Qarase
FinlandTarja HalonenMatti Vanhanen
FranceJacques ChiracJean-Pierre Raffarin
GabonOmar BongoJean-François Ntoutoume Emane
GambiaYahya Jammeh
GeorgiaNino Burdzhanadze
GermanyJohannes RauGerhard Schröder
GhanaJohn Kufuor
GreeceCostis StephanopoulosCostas Simitis
GrenadaElizabeth II, represented by Sir Daniel WilliamsKeith Mitchell
GuatemalaÓscar Berger
GuineaLansana ContéLamine Sidimé
Guinea-BissauHenrique RosaArtur Sanhá
GuyanaBharrat JagdeoSam Hinds
HaitiJean-Bertrand AristideYvon Neptune
HondurasRicardo Maduro
HungaryFerenc MádlPéter Medgyessy
IcelandÓlafur Ragnar GrímssonDavíð Oddsson
IndiaA.P.J. Abdul KalamAtal Bihari Vajpayee
IndonesiaMegawati Sukarnoputri
IranAli Khamenei (Rahbar - "leader"); Mohammad Khatami (president)
IraqPaul Bremer (civil administrator) and Adnan Pachachi (Iraqi Governing Council president)
IrelandMary McAleeseBertie Ahern
IsraelMoshe KatsavAriel Sharon
ItalyCarlo Azeglio CiampiSilvio Berlusconi
JamaicaElizabeth II, represented by Sir Howard CookePercival Patterson
JapanAkihitoJunichiro Koizumi
JordanAbdullah IIFaisal al-Fayez
KazakhstanNursultan NazarbayevDaniyal Akhmetov
KenyaMwai Kibaki
KiribatiAnote Tong
Korea (DPRK)Kim Yong Nam ("Head of State for Foreign Affairs");
Kim Jong Il (highest administrative authority)
Pak Pong Ju
Korea (ROK)Roh Moo-hyunGoh Kun
KuwaitJabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-SabahSabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah
KyrgyzstanAskar AkayevNikolai Tanayev
LaosKhamtai SiphandonBoungnang Vorachith
LatviaVaira Vike-FreibergaEinars Repse
LebanonÉmile LahoudRafiq Hariri
LesothoLetsie IIIPakalitha Mosisili
LiberiaGyude Bryant
LibyaMu'ammar Al Qathafi (de facto);
Zentani Muhammad az-Zentani (de jure)
Shukri Ghanem
LiechtensteinHans-Adam IIOtmar Hasler
LithuaniaRolandas PaksasAlgirdas Brazauskas
LuxembourgHenriJean-Claude Juncker
Republic of MacedoniaBoris TrajkovskiBranko Crvenkovski
MadagascarMarc RavalomananaJacques Sylla
MalawiBakili Muluzi
MalaysiaTuanku Syed SirajuddinAbdullah Ahmad Badawi
MaldivesMaumoon Abdul Gayoom
MaliAmadou Toumani TouréAhmed Mohamed Ag Hamani
MaltaGuido de MarcoEddie Fenech Adami
Marshall IslandsKessai Note
MauritaniaMaaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TayaSghair Ould M'bareck
MauritiusAnerood JugnauthPaul Bérenger
MexicoVicente Fox
MicronesiaJoseph Urusemal
MoldovaVladimir VoroninVasile Tarlev
MonacoRainier IIIPatrick Leclercq
MongoliaNatsagiyn BagabandiNambaryn Enhbayar
MoroccoMohammed VIDriss Jettou
MozambiqueJoaquim ChissanoPascoal Mocumbi
MyanmarThan ShweKhin Nyunt
NamibiaSam NujomaTheo-Ben Gurirab
NauruRené Harris
NepalGyanendraSurya Bahadur Thapa
NetherlandsBeatrixJan Peter Balkenende
New ZealandElizabeth II, represented by Dame Silvia CartwrightHelen Clark
NicaraguaEnrique Bolaños
NigerTandja MamadouHama Amadou
NigeriaOlusegun Obasanjo
NorwayHarald VKjell Magne Bondevik
OmanQaboos ibn Sa'id Al Sa'id
PakistanPervez MusharrafZafarullah Khan Jamali
PalauTommy Remengesau
PanamaMireya Moscoso
Papua New GuineaElizabeth II, represented by Bill SkateSir Michael Somare
ParaguayNicanor Duarte
PeruAlejandro ToledoCarlos Ferrero
PhillipinesGloria Macapagal-Arroyo
PolandAleksander KwasniewskiLeszek Miller
PortugalJorge SampaioJosé Manuel Durão Barroso
QatarHamad ibn Khalifah Al ThaniAbdallah ibn Khalifah Al Thani
RomaniaIon IliescuAdrian Nastase
RussiaVladimir PutinMikhail Kasyanov
RwandaPaul KagameBernard Makuza
St. Kitts and NevisElizabeth II, represented by Sir Cuthbert SebastianDenzil Douglas
St. LuciaElizabeth II, represented by Dame Pearlette LouisyKenny Anthony
St. Vincent and the GrenadinesElizabeth II, represented by Sir Frederick BallantyneRalph Gonsalves
SamoaMalietoa Tanumafili IITuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi
San MarinoGiovanni Lonfernini and Valeria Ciavatta
São Tomé and PríncipeFradique de MenezesMaria das Neves
Saudi ArabiaFahdFahd (de jure), Abdullah (de facto)
SenegalAbdoulaye WadeIdrissa Seck
Serbia and MontenegroSvetozar Marovic
SeychellesFrance-Albert René
Sierra LeoneAhmad Tejan Kabbah
SingaporeS.R. NathanGoh Chok Tong
SlovakiaRudolf SchusterMikulás Dzurinda
SloveniaJanez DrnovsekAnton Rop
Solomon IslandsElizabeth II, represented by Sir John LapliAllan Kemakeza
SomaliaAbdulkassim Salat HassanHasan Abshir Farah
South AfricaThabo Mbeki
SpainJuan Carlos IJosé María Aznar
Sri LankaChandrika KumaratungaRanil Wickremesinghe
SudanOmar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir
SurinameRonald VenetiaanJules Ajodhia
SwazilandMswati IIIThemba Dlamini
SwedenCarl XVI GustavGöran Persson
SwitzerlandMoritz Leuenberger, Pascal Couchepin, Joseph Deiss (President), Samuel Schmid, Micheline Calmy-Rey, Christoph Blocher, Hans-Rudolf Merz
SyriaBashar al-AssadMohammed Naji al-Otari
Taiwan (ROC)Chen Shui-bianYu Shyi-kun
TajikistanEmomali RahmonovOkil Okilov
TanzaniaBenjamin MkapaFrederick Sumaye
ThailandBhumibol AdulyadejThaksin Shinawatra
TogoGnassingbé EyadémaKoffi Sama
TongaTaufa'ahau Tupou IV'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata
Trinidad and TobagoMaxwell RichardsPatrick Manning
TunisiaZine El Abidine Ben AliMohamed Ghannouchi
TurkeyAhmet Necdet SezerRecep Tayyip Erdogan
TurkmenistanSaparmurat Niyazov
TuvaluElizabeth II, represented by Faimalaga LukaSaufatu Sopoanga
UgandaYoweri MuseveniApolo Nsibambi
UkraineLeonid KuchmaViktor Yanukovych
United Arab EmiratesZayed ibn Sultan Al NahayanMaktum ibn Rashid Al Maktum
United KingdomElizabeth IITony Blair
United StatesGeorge W. Bush
UruguayJorge Batlle
UzbekistanIslam KarimovShavkat Mirziyayev
VanuatuJohn BaniEdward Natapei
Vatican CityJohn Paul IIAngelo Cardinal Sodano
VenezuelaHugo Chávez
VietnamTran Duc LuongPhan Van Khai
YemenAli Abdallah SalehAbdul Qadir Bajamal
ZambiaLevy Mwanawasa
ZimbabweRobert Mugabe

See also: Lists of incumbents, List of political parties, List of countries