Rouergue is an old province of France, bounded on the north by Auvergne, on the south and southwest by Languedoc, on the east by Gevaudan and on the west by Quercy.

It included the county of Rodez, and was divided between the dioceses of Rodez and Vabres.

During the Middle Ages, Rouergue changed hands a number of times, its rulers including England (due to the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360), Armagnac, and Languedoc.

The lands of Rouergue are now in the department of Aveyron.